Thursday, December 30, 2010
A Patient’s View of Blood Tests and What They Mean for the Liver Transplant Candidate
The three most important blood tests for the liver transplant candidate are Creatinine, INR or Bleeding Time, and Total Bilirubin. The combination of these three make up the MELD score, as I had covered in a previous blog. By the way, you can google any of these terms, should you wish to dig a little deeper. Creatinine (from the Greek κρέας, flesh) is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass). It is filtered through the kidneys, so it is used as a measurement of kidney function. The higher the number is from the ideal range, the worse the damage to the kidneys. INR or Bleeding Time is an indicator of the ability of the blood to clot and is tied, among other things to your platelet count. The lower the platelet count, and the higher the INR is in relation to the normal range, the more likely the liver transplant candidate may experience internal bleeding, which is not good at all. One of the symptoms of cirrhosis is bleeding easily and a longer time span the blood takes to coagulate. This symptom is problematic at best, and can be controlled by applying pressure, some Neosporin and a good old fashion bandaid. Total Bilirubin (formerly referred to as hematoidin) is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme.. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases. It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises, urine, and the yellow discoloration in jaundice, and has a major effect of measuring liver function, such as blockage of the liver ducts in the liver transplant candidate. Unfortunately, too much bilirubin remaining in the body accumulates around the brain and can create seizures, lack of concentration and other related symptoms that the liver transplant candidate definitely does not want. More meaning on blood test results will be coming in the next blog.
Friday, December 24, 2010
More Blood Tests for the Liver Transplant Candidate and What they Mean.
More blood tests for the liver transplant candidate and what they mean.
These values presented represent expected normal data.
| Blood Gases | ||
| | Arterial | Venous |
| pH | 7.35–7.45 | 7.32–7.42 |
| pCO2: millimeters of mercury, mmHg | 35–45 mmHg | 38–52 mmHg |
| pO2 | 70–100 mmHg | 28–48 mmHg |
| HCO3– | 19–25 mmol/L | 19–25 mmol/L |
| O2 Sat % | 90–95 | 40–70 |
| CBC: Complete blood count, Adults | ||
| | Male | Female |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.5–16.5 | 12.0–15.0 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 41–50 | 36–44 |
| RBC's ( x 106 /ml) | 4.5–5.5 | 4.0–4.9 |
| RDW (RBC distribution width) | 11.5%–14.6% | |
| MCV: mean corpuscular volume | 82–98 femtoliters (fl) | |
| MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin | 26–34 picograms (pg) | |
| MCHC%: mean corpuscular hemoglobin content | 31–38 gm/dL or 31%–38% | |
| Platelet count | 100,000 to 450,000 | |
| WBC: White blood cell differential | ||
| WBC total: adults and children >2 years | 4,500–10,000 or 4.5–10 x 109/liter (SI units) | |
| WBC total: children <2 years | 6,200–17,000 or 6.2–17 x 109/liter (SI units) | |
| WBC total: neonates | 9,00–30,000 or 9–30 x 109/liter (SI units) | |
| Neutrophils | 55%–70% | 2500–8000 per ml |
| Band neutrophils (immature or stab neutrophils) | 0%–3% | 0–400 per ml |
| Lymphocytes | 20%–40 | 1000–4000 per ml |
| Monocytes | 2%–8% | 100–700 per ml |
| Eosinophils | 1%–4% | 50–500 per ml |
| Basophils (also called mast cells) | 0.1%–1% | 25–100 per ml |
| Red blood cell (RBC) count | |
| Men | 4.7–6.1 x 106 RBCs per microliter (mcL, μL) or 4.7–6.1 x 1012/liter (L) (2nd value is in SI units) |
| Women | 4.2–5.4 x 106 RBCs/µL or 4.2–5.4 x 1012/L |
| Children | 4.0–5.5 x 106 RBCs/µL or 4.6–4.8 x 1012/L |
| Newborn | 4.8–7.1 x 106 RBCs/µL or 4.8–7.1 x 1012/L |
| Platelet (thrombocyte) count | |
| Children | 150,000–450,000 platelets per mm3 or 150–450 x 109/L (SI units) |
| Adults | 150,000–400,000 platelets per mm3 or 150–400 x 109/L (SI units) |
| Mean platelet volume (MPV) | |
| Children | 7.4–10.4 mcm3 or 7.4–10.4 fL |
| Adults | 7.4–10.4 mcm3 or 7.4–10.4 fL |
| Blood coagulation time | |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | 60–70 seconds |
| activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) | 30–40 seconds |
| prothrombin time (PT) | 11.0–12.5 seconds; 85%–100% |
| Hematocrit (HCT) | |
| Men | 42%–52% or 0.42–0.52 volume fraction (SI units) |
| Women | 37%–47% or 0.37–0.47 volume fraction |
| Pregnant women | 1st trimester: 35%–46% 2nd trimester: 30%–42% 3rd trimester: 34%–44% Postpartum: 30%–44% |
| Children | 32%–44% |
| Newborns | 44%–64% |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | |
| in general, a normal hemoglobin level is about one-third the value of the hematocrit | |
| Men | 14–18 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or 8.7–11.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (SI units) |
| Women | 12–16 g/dL or 7.4–9.9 mmol/L |
| Pregnant women | 1st trimester: 11.4–15.0 g/dL or 7.1–9.3 mmol/L 2nd trimester: 10.0–14.3 g/dL or 6.2–8.9 mmol/L 3rd trimester: 10.2–14.4 g/dL or 6.3–8.9 mmol/L Postpartum: 10.4–18.0 g/dL or 6.4–9.3 mmol/L |
| Children | 9.5–15.5 g/dL |
| Newborn | 14–24 g/dL |
| Electrolytes and blood chemistry | |
| BUN: blood urea nitrogen | 7–20 mg/dL or 3.6–7.1mM (mmol/L) |
| Calcium | 8.8–10.3 mg/dL |
| Calcium, ionized | 2.2–2.6mM |
| Chloride | 95–107mM |
| Magnesium | 1.6–2.4mM |
| Phosphate | 2.5–4.5 mg/dL or 1.0–1.4mM |
| Potassium | 3.5–5.2mM |
| Sodium | 135–147mM |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 13–300 |
| Folate (ng/dl) | 3.6–20 |
| Glucose, fasting (mg/dl) | 60–110 |
| Glucose (2 hours postprandial) (mg/dl) | Up to 140 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 6–8 |
| Iron (mcg/dl) | 65–150 |
| Lactic acid (milliequivalents/liter, meq/L) | 0.7–2.1 |
| LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), international units/liter: IU/L | 56–194 IU/L |
| Osmolality | 289–308 mOsm/kg |
| SGOT (AST) | < 35 IU/L (20–48) |
| SGPT (ALT) | <35 IU/L |
| Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) | 250–420 μ/dl |
| Transferrin | > 200 mg/dl |
| Uric acid (male) | 2.0–8.0 mg/dl |
| Uric acid (female) | 2.0–7.5 mg/dl |
| Creatinine kinase (CK) isoenzymes | |
| CK-BB | 0% |
| CK-MB (cardiac) | 0%–3.9% |
| CK-MM | 96%–100% |
| creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | 8–150 IU/L |
| creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.5–1.4 or <133mM (mmol/L) |
| Serum Protein | ||
| Total protein | 6–8.5g/dL | |
| Albumin | 3.2–5g/dL | |
| Globulin | 2.2–4.2g/dL | |
| Albumin/Globulin ratio | 1.1–2.4 (calculated) | |
| Thyroid Function tests | |
| Free T3 | 2.3–4.2 pg/ml |
| Serum T3 | 70–200 ng/dl |
| Free T4 | 0.5–2.1 ng/dl |
| Serum T4 | 4.0–12.0 μ/dl |
| TSH | 0.25–4.30 microunits/ml |
| | |
In the next blog I will include an alphabetical listing of numerous clinical values and a partial glossary. Please try and stay awake.
Blog 12/18/10
How do I interpret the blood test results?
How do I interpret the blood test results? I am listing some clinical values along with a partial glossary of terms. I will try my best to touch on a few of the major values and what they mean. If you need further information, there is always Google, and you can ask your doctor.
| J | K | Q | X | Y |
| Blood Test | Specimen | Conventional Units | SI Units |
| 1-10 | |||
| 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] | Plasma | 16–65 pg/mL | 40–160 pmol/L |
| 11-deoxycortisol (compound S) | Plasma | <1 mg/dL | <30 nmol/L |
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone; men | Plasma | 0.06–3.0 mg/L | 0.2–9.0 nmol/L |
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone; women follicular phase | Plasma | 0.2–1.0 mg/L | 0.6–3 nmol/L |
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone; women luteal phase | Plasma | 0.5–3.5 mg/L | 1.5–10.6 nmol/L |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] | Plasma | 8–80 ng/mL | 20–200 nmol/L |
| Acetoacetate | Plasma | <3 mg/dL | <0.3 mmol/L |
| Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), 8am | Plasma | 9–52 pg/mL | 7–27–27 pmol/L |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) kat = katal, the amount of enzyme which transforms 1 mole of substrate per second | Serum | 0–35 U/L | 0–0.58 mkat/L |
| Albumin | Serum | 3.5–5.5 g/dL | 35–55 g/L |
| Aldolase | Serum | <8.1 U/L | <135 nkat/L |
| Aldosterone | Urine | 5–19 mg/dL | 14–53 nmol/dL |
| Aldosterone, 8am, (patient supine, 100 mmol/L Na+ and 60–100 mmol/L K+ intake) | Plasma | <8 ng/dL | <220 pmol/L |
| Alpha fetoprotein (adult): α-fetoprotein | Serum | <30 ng/mL | <30 mg/L |
| Alpha1 antitrypsin (α1-antitrypsin) | Serum | 85–213 mg/dL | 0.8–2.1 g/L |
| Ammonia, as NH3 | Serum | 10–80 mg/dL | 0–47 mmol/L |
| Amylase | Serum | 60–150 U/L | 0.8–3.2 mkat/L |
| Androstenedione; men | Plasma | 0.8–1.3 ng/mL | 3.0–5.0 nmol/L |
| Androstenedione; women | Plasma | 1–2 ng/mL | 3.5–7.0 nmol/L |
| Angiotensin II, 8am | Plasma | 10–30 pg/mL | 10–30 nmol/L |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Serum | <40 U/L | <670 nkat/L |
| Antinuclear antibody agglutination | Serum | <1:80 titer | <1:80 titer |
| Arginine vasopressin (AVP), random fluid intake | Plasma | 1.5–6.0 ng/L | 1.4–5.6 pmol/L |
| Arterial blood gas [HCO3–] | Arterial Blood | 21–30 meq/L | 21–28 mmol/L |
| Arterial blood gas PCO2 kiloPascal (kPa) is a pressure measurement | Arterial Blood | 35–45 mmHg | 4.7–5.9 kPa |
| Arterial blood gas pH | Arterial Blood | | 7.38–7.44 |
| Arterial blood gas PO2 | Arterial Blood | 80–100 mmHg | 11–13 kPa |
| Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) | Serum | 0.4–1.0 mg/dL | 23–57 mmol/L |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) | Serum | 0–35 U/L | 0–0.58 mkat/L |
| AVP (Arginine vasopressin), random fluid intake | Plasma | 1.5–6.0 ng/L | 1.4–5.6 pmol/L |
| Bands | Blood | 0–4% | 0–0.04 |
| Basophils (BASO) | Blood | 0–2% | 0–0.02 |
| Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: β-hydroxybutyrate | Plasma | <3 mg/dL | <300 mmol/L |
| Bilirubin, Direct | Serum | 0.1–0.3 mg/dL | 1.7–5.1 mmol/L |
| Bilirubin, Indirect | Serum | 0.2–0.7 mg/dL | 3.4–12 mmol/L |
| Bilirubin, total | Serum | 0.3–1.0 mg/dL | 5.1–17 mmol/L |
| Bleeding time (Simplate) | Blood | <7 min | <7 min |
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | Serum | 10–20 mg/dL | 3.6–7.1 mmol/L |
| Calcitonin Men | Plasma | <13.8 pg/mL | <13.8 ng/L |
| Calcitonin Women | Plasma | <6.4 pg/mL | <6.4 ng/L |
| Calcium | Serum | 9–10.5 mg/dL | 2.25–2.62 mmol/L |
| Calcium, ionized | Blood | 4.5–5.6 mg/dL | 1.1–1.4 mmol/L |
| Carbon dioxide content | Serum | 23–28 meq/L | 23–28 mmol/L |
| Carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) | Arterial blood (sea level) | 35–45 mmHg | 4.7–5.9 kPa |
| Carboxyhemoglobin non-smoker | Blood | 0–2.3% | 0–0.023 |
| Carboxyhemoglobin smoker | Blood | 2.1–4.2% | 0.021–0.042 |
| Carotene | Serum | 75–300 mg/dL | 1.4–5.6 mmol/L |
| Carotenoids | Serum | 50–300 mg/dL | 0.9–5.6 mmol/L |
| Ceruloplasmin | Serum | 27–37 ng/dL | 270–370 mg/L |
| Chloride | Serum | 98–106 meq/L | 98–106 mmol/L |
| Cholesterol (see Table in Lipoproteins page) | |||
| Chorionic gonadotropin, Beta-subunit (B-hCG), men and nonpregnant women | Plasma | <3 mIU/mL | <3 IU/L |
| Copper | Serum | 70–155 mg/dL | 11–24 mmol/L |
| Cortisol am | Plasma | 5–25 mg/dL | 140–690 nmol/L |
| Cortisol pm | Plasma | 3–12 mg/dL | 80–330 nmol/L |
| Cortisol Urinary Free | Urine | 10–50 mg/dL | 25–140 nmol/dL |
| Creatine kinase-MB | Serum | < 3% of total | <0.03 of total |
| Creatinine | Serum | <1.5 mg/dL | <133 mmol/L |
| Creatinine kinase (CK); females | Serum | <190 U/L | <3.17 mkat/L |
| Creatinine kinase (CK); males | Serum | <235 U/L | <3.92 mkat/L |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | Plasma | 2–9 ng/dL | 7–31 nmol/L |
| Delta-aminolevulinic acid | Serum | <20 mg/dL | <1.5 mmol/L |
| DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) | Plasma | 2–9 ng/dL | 7–31 nmol/L |
| DHEA sulfate | Plasma | 500–2500 mg/dL | 1.3–6.8 mmol/L |
| EOS (eosinophils) | Blood | 0–7% | 0–0.07 |
| Eosinophils (EOS) | Blood | 0–7% | 0–0.07 |
| Erythrocyte count | Blood | 4.15–4.90 × 106/mm3 | 4.15–4.90 × 1012/L |
| Erythropoietin | Serum | | 5–36 U/L |
| Estradiol; men | Plasma | <50 pg/mL | <180 pmol/L |
| Estradiol; women (higher at ovulation) | Plasma | 20–60 pg/mL | 70–220 pmol/L |
| Ethanol | Blood | <0.005% | <0.005% |
| Euglobulin lysis time | Blood | >2 h | >2 h |
| Fatty acids, free (nonesterified) | Plasma | <18 mg/dL | 180 mg/L |
| Ferritin; men | Serum | 15–400 ng/mL | 15–400 mg/L |
| Ferritin; women | Serum | 10–200 ng/mL | 10–200 mg/L |
| Fibrinogen | Plasma | 150–400 mg/dL | 1.5–4 g/L |
| Folate | Serum | 2.5–20 ng/mL | >4.3 nmol/L |
| Folate, red cell | Red blood cells | 160–855 ng/mL | >95 nmol/L |
| Folic acid | Red cell | 150–450 ng/mL cells | 340–1020 nmol/L cells |
| Folic acid | Serum | 3–16 ng/mL cells | 7–36 nmol/L cells |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); men | Plasma | 0.9–15 mIU/mL | 0.9–15 IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); postmenopausal women | Plasma | 34–96 mIU/mL | 34–96 IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); women ovulatory surge | Plasma | 2.3–21 mIU/mL | 2.3–21 IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); women mature, premenopausal, except at ovulation | Plasma | 1.4–9.6 mIU/mL | 1.4–9.6 IU/L |
| FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) | Plasma | 0.9–15 mIU/mL | 0.9–15 IU/L |
| Gastrin | Serum | 40–180 pg/mL | 40–180 ng/L |
| Glucagon | Plasma | 50–100 pg/mL | 50–100 ng/L |
| Glucose fasting (diabetes mellitus) | Plasma | >140 mg/dL | >7.8 mmol/L |
| Glucose fasting (normal) | Plasma | 75–115 mg/dL | 4.2–6.4 mmol/L |
| Glucose: 2 hour post prandial (impaired glucose tolerance) | Plasma | 140–200 mg/dL | 7.8–11.1 mmol/L |
| Glucose: 2 hour post prandial (normal) | Plasma | <140 mg/dL | <7.8 mmol/L |
| Glucose: 2 hour postprandial (diabetes mellitus) | Plasma | >200 mg/dL | >11.1 mmol/L |
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Hb = hemoglobin | Blood | 12.1 ± 2 IU/g Hb | 0.78 ± 0.13 MU/mol Hb |
| Growth hormone, after 100 g oral glucose | Serum | <2 ng/mL | <2 mg/L |
| Ham's test (acid serum) | Blood | Negative | Negative |
| Haptoglobin (serum) | Blood | 50–220 mg/dL | 0.5–2.2 g/L |
| HbF (Hemoglobin, fetal) | Blood | <2% | <0.02 |
| HCT; females (hematocrit) | Blood | 37–48% | 0.37–0.48 |
| HCT; males (Hematocrit) | Blood | 42–52% | 0.42–0.52 |
| Hematocrit (HCT); females | Blood | 37–48% | 0.37–0.48 |
| Hematocrit (HCT); males | Blood | 42–52% | 0.42–0.52 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | Whole Blood | 3.8–6.4% | 0.038–0.064 |
| Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) | Blood | 1.5–3.5% | 0.015–0.035 |
| Hemoglobin; female | Blood | 12–16 g/dL | 120–160 g/L |
| Hemoglobin; male | Blood | 14–18 g/dL | 140–180 g/L |
| Hemoglobin; whole blood females | Blood | 12–16 g/dL | 7.4–9.9 mmol/L |
| Hemoglobin; whole blood males | Blood | 13–18 g/dL | 8.1–11.2 mmol/L |
| Hemoglobin; fetal (HbF) | Blood | <2% | <0.02 |
| Insulin, fasting | Serum or Plasma | 6–26 mU/mL | 43–186 pmol/L |
| Iron | Serum | 60–150 mg/dL | 11–29 mmol/L |
| Iron Saturation | Serum | 20–45% | 0.2–0.45 |
| Iron-binding capacity | Serum | 250–370 mg/dL | 45–66 mmol/L |
| Lactate (Lactic acid) | Plasma | 6–16 mg/dL | 0.67–1.8 mmol/L |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | Serum | 100–190 U/L | 1.7–3.2 mkat/L |
| Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 1 (of total) | Serum | 14–26% | 0.14–0.25 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 2 (of total) | Serum | 29–39% | 0.29–0.39 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 3 (of total) | Serum | 20–26% | 0.20–0.25 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 4 (of total) | Serum | 8–16% | 0.08–0.16 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 5 (of total) | Serum | 6–16% | 0.06–0.16 |
| LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) | Blood | 13–100 m/L | 0.2–1.6 mkat/L |
| LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) | Serum | 100–190 U/L | 1.7–3.2 mkat/L |
| Lead | Serum | <40 mg/dL | <1.9 mmol/L |
| Leukocyte Alkaline phosphatase (LAP) | Blood | 13–100 m/L | 0.2–1.6 mkat/L |
| Leukocyte Count (WBC, white blood cell count) | Blood | 4.3–10.8 × 103/mm3 | 4.3–10.8 × 109/L |
| Lipase | Serum | 0–160 U/L | 0–2.66 mkat/L |
| Lipoprotein (a) | Serum | 0–3 mg/dL | 0–300 mg/L |
| Lutenizing hormone; men | Serum | 1.3–13 mIU/mL | 1.3–13 IU/L |
| Lutenizing hormone; women mature, premenopausal, except at ovulation | Serum | 0.8–26 mIU/mL | 0.8–26 IU/L |
| Lutenizing hormone; women ovulatory surge | Serum | 25–57 mIU/mL | 25–57 IU/L |
| Lutenizing hormone; women postmenopausal | Serum | 40–104 mIU/mL | 40–104 IU/L |
| Lymphocytes (Lymphs) | Blood | 16–45% | 0.16–0.45 |
| Lymphs (lymphocyes) | Blood | 16–45% | 0.16–0.45 |
| Magnesium | Serum | 1.8–3 mg/dL | 0.8–1.2 mmol/L |
| MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) | Blood | 28–33 pg/cell | 28–33 pg/cell |
| MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) | Blood | 32–36 g/dL | 320–360 g/L |
| MCV (mean corpuscular volume) | Blood | 86–98 mm3 | 86–98 fl |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) | Blood | 28–33 pg/cell | 28–33 pg/cell |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | Blood | 32–36 g/dL | 320–360 g/L |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | Blood | 86–98 mm3 | 86–98 fl |
| Mono (monocytes) | Blood | 4–10% | 0.04–0.10 |
| Monocytes (Mono) | Blood | 4–10% | 0.04–0.10 |
| Myoglobin | Serum | <55 ng/L | <55 mg/L |
| Neutrophils (Poly, PMN) | Blood | 45–74% | 0.45–0.74 |
| Osmolality | Plasma | 285–295 mosmol/kg serum water | 285–295 mmol/kg serum water |
| Oxygen percent saturation (sea level) | B, arterial | 97% | 0.97 mol/mol |
| Oxygen tension (PO2) | Blood | 80–100 mmHg | 11–13 kPa |
| Parathyroid hormone | Serum | 10–60 pg/mL | 10–60 ng/L |
| Parathyroid hormone-related protein | Plasma | <1.3 pmol/L | <1.3 pmol/L |
| pH | Arterial Blood | 7.38–7.44 | 7.38–7.44 |
| Phosphatase, acid | Serum | 0–5.5 U/L | 0.90 nkat/L |
| Phosphatase, alkaline | Serum | 30–120 U/L | 0.5–2.0 nkat/L |
| Phosphorus, inorganic | Serum | 3–4.5 mg/dL | 1.0–1.4 mmol/L |
| Platelets | Blood | 130,000–400,000/mm3 | 130–400 × 109/L |
| PMN (neutrophils, Poly) | Blood | 45–74% | 0.45–0.74 |
| Poly (neutrophils, PMN) | Blood | 45–74% | 0.45–0.74 |
| Potassium | Serum | 3.5–5.0 meq/L | 3.5–5.0 mmol/L |
| Progesterone; men, prepubertal girls, preovulatory women, postmenopausal women | Plasma | <2 ng/mL | <6 nmol/L |
| Progesterone; women, luteal, peak | Plasma | 2–20 ng/mL | 6–60 nmol/L |
| Prolactin | Serum | 2–15 ng/mL | 2–15 mg/L |
| Prostate specific antigen >40 years | Serum | 0.0–4.0 ng/mL | 0.0–4.0 mg/L |
| Prostate specific antigen; male <40 years | Serum | 0.0–2.0 ng/mL | 0.0–2.0 mg/L |
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA); female | Serum | <0.5 ng/mL | <0.5 mg/L |
| Protein, total | Serum | 5.5–8.0 g/dL | 55–80 g/L |
| Protoporphyrin, free erythrocyte (FEP) | Blood | 16–36 mg/dL of red blood cells | 0.28–0.64 mmol/L of red blood cells |
| PSA, free, in males 45–75 years, with PSA values between 4 and 20 mg/mL | Serum | >25% associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | >0.25 associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
| Pyruvate | Plasma | 0.5–1.5 mg/dL | 60–170 mmol/L |
| RDW (Red cell distribution width) | Blood | 13–15% | 0.13–0.15 |
| Red cell distribution width (RDW) | Blood | 13–15% | 0.13–0.15 |
| Reverse T3 (rT3) | Serum | 2.6–18.9 ng/dL | 0.04–0.29 nmol/L |
| Rheumatoid factor | Serum | <40 IU/mL | <40 kIU/L |
| rT3 (Reverse T3) | Serum | 2.6–18.9 ng/dL | 0.04–0.29 nmol/L |
| Sodium | Serum | 136–145 meq/L | 136–145 mmol/L |
| Sucrose hemolysis | Blood | Negative | Negative |
| T3 (Free) | Serum | 230–420 pg/dL | 3.5–6.5 pmol/L |
| T3 (Total) | Serum | 60–181 ng.dL | 0.9–2.8 nmol/L |
| Testosterone; men | Plasma | 3–10 ng/mL | 10–35 nmol/L |
| Testosterone; women | Plasma | <1 ng/mL | <3.5 nmol/L |
| Thyroglobulin | Serum | 0–60 ng/mL | 0–60 mg/L |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | Serum | 0.4–5.0 mU/mL | 0.4–5.0 mU/L |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Serum | 5–12 mg/dL | 64–154 nmol/L |
| Transferrin | Serum | 230–390 mg/dL | 2.3–3.9 g/L |
| Triglycerides | Serum | <160 mg/dL | <1.8 mmol/L |
| Troponin I | Serum | 0–0.4 ng/mL | 0–0.4 mg/L |
| Troponin T | Serum | 0–0.1 ng/mL | 0–0.1 mg/L |
| TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) | Serum | 0.4–5.0 mU/mL | 0.4–5.0 mU/L |
| Uric acid; men | Serum | 2.5–8.0 mg/dL | 150–480 mmol/L |
| Uric acid; women | Serum | 1.5–6.0 mg/dL | 90–360 mmol/L |
| Vitamin A | Serum | 20–100 mg/dL | 0.7–3.5 mmol/L |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | Serum | 0–2 mg/dL | 0–75 nmol/L |
| Vitamin B12 | Serum | 200–600 pg/mL | 148–443 pmol/L |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | Serum | 4–24 mg/dL | 106–638 nmol/L |
| Vitamin B6 | Plasma | 5–30 ng/ml | 20–121 nmol/L |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Serum | 0.4–1.0 mg/dL | 23–57 mmol/L |
| Vitamin D3: 1,25-dihydroxy | Serum | 25–45 pg/mL | 60–108 pmol/L |
| Vitamin D3: 25-hydroxy; winter | Plasma | 14–42 ng/mL | 34.9–105 nmol/L |
| Vitamin D3: 25-hydroxy; summer | Plasma | 15–80 ng/mL | 37.4–200 nmol/L |
| Vitamin E | Serum | 5–18 mg/mL | 12–42 mmol/L |
| von Willebrand's antigen | Blood | 60–150% | 60–150% |
| WBC (leukocyte count, white blood cell count) | Blood | 4.3–10.8 × 103/mm3 | 4.3–10.8 × 109/L |
| Westergren Sed Rate; females < 50 y/o | Blood | 0–20 mm/h | 0–20 mm/h |
| Westergren Sed Rate; females > 50 y/o | Blood | 0–30 mm/h | 0–30 mm/h |
| Westergren Sed Rate; males < 50 y/o | Blood | 0–15 mm/h | 0–15 mm/h |
| Westergren Sed Rate; males >50 y/o | Blood | 0–20 mm/h | 0–20 mm/h |
| White blood cell count (leukocyte count, WBC) | Blood | 4.3–10.8 × 103/mm3 | 4.3–10.8 × 109/L |
| Zinc | Serum | 75–120 mg/dL | 11.5–18.5 mmol/L |
In the next blog, I will try to make a feeble attempt to describe some of the tests and what they mean.
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